Belinda S.W. Chang
Professor
Campus
St. George (downtown)
CSB Appointment
Full
Research Areas
Animal Biology, Bioinformatics / Computational Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics / Genomics, Molecular Biology, Neurobiology
Education
Ph.D. Harvard 1995
Primary Undergraduate Department
Cell & Systems Biology
Graduate Programs
Cell & Systems Biology
Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
Genome Biology & Bioinformatics
Neuroscience
Research Description
Vision in animals is triggered via absorption of a photon by a visual pigment located in the photoreceptors of the eye, resulting in a signal to the brain that light has been perceived. Changes in the functional properties of visual pigments can therefore have profound consequences on the visual capabilities of an organism. The visual system has a surprisingly large dynamic range, and is highly specialized for the efficient sensing of light even under very low light levels. How is this achieved at the molecular level? We are also interested in mechanisms of spectral tuning, and the evolution of color vision. We study these and other questions by reconstructing the evolutionary history of visual pigments, so that important changes in their function can be examined experimentally. This involves using computational tools to infer ancestral pigment sequences, followed by synthesis and expression of the ancestral genes in the laboratory so that their biochemical properties can be assayed directly. We compare reconstructed ancestors with present day visual pigments, particularly those from animals that live in unusual visual environments. Our research uses a variety of interdiscplinary approaches to better understand the evolution of visual pigment structure and function, including next generation sequencing, computational sequence analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and protein expression.
Contact Information
Office Phone: 416-978-3507
Office: RW 541
Lab: RW 501/RW 502
Lab Phone: 416-946-0363
Email
Mailing Address
Department of Cell & Systems Biology
University of Toronto
25 Harbord St.
Toronto, ON M5S 3G5
Canada
Recent News
Publications
2025
Shikimate Kinase-Like 1 Participates in an Ancient and Conserved Role Contributing to Chloroplast Biogenesis in Land Plants
Kanaris M, Lee J, Chang B, Christendat D
2025, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msaf129
2024
Sampling Strategies for Experimentally Mapping Molecular Fitness Landscapes Using High-Throughput Methods.
Chen SK, Liu J, Van Nynatten A, Tudor-Price BM, Chang BSW
2024, Journal of molecular evolution, 92, 402-414, 38886207
Evolution of rhodopsin in flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) is associated with depth and migratory behavior.
Macpherson ESB, Hauser FE, Van Nynatten A, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR
2024, Journal of fish biology, 105, 779-790, 38859571
Multiple Ecological Axes Drive Molecular Evolution of Cone Opsins in Beloniform Fishes.
Chau KD, Hauser FE, Van Nynatten A, Daane JM, Harris MP, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR
2024, Journal of molecular evolution, 92, 93-103, 38416218
Scaling up Functional Analyses of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin.
Scott BM, Chen SK, Van Nynatten A, Liu J, Schott RK, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW
2024, Journal of molecular evolution, 92, 61-71, 38324225
Evolution of a novel regulatory mechanism of hypoxia inducible factor in hypoxia-tolerant electric fishes.
Elbassiouny AA, Buck LT, Abatti LE, Mitchell JA, Crampton WGR, Lovejoy NR, Chang BSW
2024, The Journal of biological chemistry, 300, 105727, 38325739
Adaptive Evolution of Nearctic Deepwater Fish Vision: Implications for Assessing Functional Variation for Conservation.
Van Nynatten A, Duncan AT, Lauzon R, Sheldon TA, Chen SK, Lovejoy NR, Mandrak NE, Chang BSW
2024, Molecular biology and evolution, 41, 38314890
2023
Convergent evolution of dim light vision in owls and deep-diving whales
Castiglione GM, Chiu YL, Gutierrez EdA, Van Nynatten A, Hauser FE, Preston M, Bhattacharyya N, Schott RK, Chang BS
2023, Current Biology, 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.015
Adaptation of Antarctic Icefish Vision to Extreme Environments
Castiglione GM, Hauser FE, Van Nynatten A, Chang BSW
2023, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msad030
2022
Ancient whale rhodopsin reconstructs dim-light vision over a major evolutionary transition: Implications for ancestral diving behavior
Dungan SZ, Chang BSW
2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.2118145119
2021
Uniform trichromacy in Alouatta caraya and Alouatta seniculus: behavioural and genetic colour vision evaluation.
Henriques LD, Hauzman E, Bonci DMO, Chang BSW, Muniz JAPC, da Silva Souza G, de Lima Silveira LC, de Faria Galvão O, Goulart PRK, Ventura DF
2021, Frontiers in zoology, 18, 36, 34238318
Simultaneous expression of UV and violet SWS1 opsins expands the visual palette in a group of freshwater snakes
Hauzman E, Pierotti MER, Bhattacharyya N, Tashiro JH, Yovanovich CAM, Campos PF, Ventura DF, Chang BSW, Yoder A
2021, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msab285
Self-tunable engineered yeast probiotics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Scott BM, Gutiérrez-Vázquez C, Sanmarco LM, da Silva Pereira JA, Li Z, Plasencia A, Hewson P, Cox LM, O’Brien M, Chen SK, Moraes-Vieira PM, Chang BSW, Peisajovich SG, Quintana FJ
2021, Nature Medicine, 10.1038/s41591-021-01390-x
Evolution, inactivation and loss of short wavelength‐sensitive opsin genes during the diversification of Neotropical cichlids
Hauser FE, Ilves KL, Schott RK, Alvi E, López‐Fernández H, Chang BS
2021, Molecular Ecology, 10.1111/mec.15838
Recreated Ancestral Opsin Associated with Marine to Freshwater Croaker Invasion Reveals Kinetic and Spectral Adaptation
Van Nynatten A, Castiglione GM, de A. Gutierrez E, Lovejoy NR, Chang BSW
2021, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msab008
2020
Spectral Diversification and Trans-Species Allelic Polymorphism during the Land-to-Sea Transition in Snakes.
Simões BF, Gower DJ, Rasmussen AR, Sarker MAR, Fry GC, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Hart NS, Partridge JC, Hunt DM, Chang BS, Pisani D, Sanders KL
2020, Current biology : CB, 30, 2608-2615.e4, 32470360
Emerging Frontiers in the Study of Molecular Evolution.
Liberles DA, Chang B, Geiler-Samerotte K, Goldman A, Hey J, Kaçar B, Meyer M, Murphy W, Posada D, Storfer A
2020, Journal of molecular evolution, 88, 211-226, 32060574
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: An Ancient Peptide Family Related to the Secretin Peptide Superfamily
Michalec OM, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR, Lovejoy DA
2020, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10.3389/fendo.2020.00529
2019
Screening of Chemical Libraries Using a Yeast Model of Retinal Disease.
Scott BM, Wybenga-Groot LE, McGlade CJ, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW
2019, SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 24, 969-977, 31556794
Evolutionary signatures of photoreceptor transmutation in geckos reveal potential adaptation and convergence with snakes.
Schott RK, Bhattacharyya N, Chang BSW
2019, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 73, 1958-1971, 31339168
To see or not to see: molecular evolution of the rhodopsin visual pigment in neotropical electric fishes.
Van Nynatten A, Janzen FH, Brochu K, Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Crampton WGR, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR
2019, Proceedings. Biological sciences, 286, 20191182, 31288710
Convergent patterns of evolution of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in electric fishes
Elbassiouny AA, Lovejoy NR, Chang BSW
2019, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rstb.2019.0179
2018
Coupling of Human Rhodopsin to a Yeast Signaling Pathway Enables Characterization of Mutations Associated with Retinal Disease.
Scott BM, Chen SK, Bhattacharyya N, Moalim AY, Plotnikov SV, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW
2019, Genetics, 211, 597-615, 30514708
Functional trade-offs and environmental variation shaped ancient trajectories in the evolution of dim-light vision.
Castiglione GM, Chang BS
2018, eLife, 7, 30362942
Molecular Adaptations for Sensing and Securing Prey and Insight into Amniote Genome Diversity from the Garter Snake Genome.
Perry BW, Card DC, McGlothlin JW, Pasquesi GIM, Adams RH, Schield DR, Hales NR, Corbin AB, Demuth JP, Hoffmann FG, Vandewege MW, Schott RK, Bhattacharyya N, Chang BSW, Casewell NR, Whiteley G, Reyes-Velasco J, Mackessy SP, Gamble T, Storey KB, Biggar KK, Passow CN, Kuo CH, McGaugh SE, Bronikowski AM, de Koning APJ, Edwards SV, Pfrender ME, Minx P, Brodie ED, Brodie ED, Warren WC, Castoe TA
2018, Genome biology and evolution, 10, 2110-2129, 30060036
Shifts in Selective Pressures on Snake Phototransduction Genes Associated with Photoreceptor Transmutation and Dim-Light Ancestry.
Schott RK, Van Nynatten A, Card DC, Castoe TA, S W Chang B
2018, Molecular biology and evolution, 35, 1376-1389, 29800394
The role of ecological factors in shaping bat cone opsin evolution.
Gutierrez EA, Schott RK, Preston MW, Loureiro LO, Lim BK, Chang BSW
2018, Proceedings. Biological sciences, 285, 29618549
Convergent selection pressures drive the evolution of rhodopsin kinetics at high altitudes via nonparallel mechanisms.
Castiglione GM, Schott RK, Hauser FE, Chang BSW
2018, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 72, 170-186, 29143302
Functional Shifts in Bat Dim-Light Visual Pigment Are Associated with Differing Echolocation Abilities and Reveal Molecular Adaptation to Photic-Limited Environments
Gutierrez EdA, Castiglione GM, Morrow JM, Schott RK, Loureiro LO, Lim BK, Chang BSW, O’Connell M
2018, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msy140
Coupling of Human Rhodopsin to a Yeast Signaling Pathway Enables Characterization of Mutations Associated with Retinal Disease
Scott BM, Chen SK, Bhattacharyya N, Moalim AY, Plotnikov SV, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW
2018, Genetics, 10.1534/genetics.118.301733
2017
The directed evolution of ligand specificity in a GPCR and the unequal contributions of efficacy and affinity.
Di Roberto RB, Chang B, Peisajovich SG
2017, Scientific reports, 7, 16012, 29167562
Insights into visual pigment adaptation and diversity from model ecological and evolutionary systems.
Hauser FE, Chang BS
2017, Current opinion in genetics & development, 47, 110-120, 29102895
Evolution of nonspectral rhodopsin function at high altitudes.
Castiglione GM, Hauser FE, Liao BS, Lujan NK, Van Nynatten A, Morrow JM, Schott RK, Bhattacharyya N, Dungan SZ, Chang BSW
2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 7385-7390, 28642345
An experimental comparison of human and bovine rhodopsin provides insight into the molecular basis of retinal disease.
Morrow JM, Castiglione GM, Dungan SZ, Tang PL, Bhattacharyya N, Hauser FE, Chang BSW
2017, FEBS letters, 591, 1720-1731, 28369862
Cone-like rhodopsin expressed in the all-cone retina of the colubrid pine snake as a potential adaptation to diurnality.
Bhattacharyya N, Darren B, Schott RK, Tropepe V, Chang BSW
2017, The Journal of experimental biology, 220, 2418-2425, 28468872
Epistatic interactions influence terrestrial-marine functional shifts in cetacean rhodopsin.
Dungan SZ, Chang BS
2017, Proceedings. Biological sciences, 284, 28250185
Targeted Capture of Complete Coding Regions across Divergent Species.
Schott RK, Panesar B, Card DC, Preston M, Castoe TA, Chang BS
2017, Genome biology and evolution, 9, 398-414, 28137744
Accelerated Evolution and Functional Divergence of the Dim Light Visual Pigment Accompanies Cichlid Colonization of Central America
Hauser FE, Ilves KL, Schott RK, Castiglione GM, López-Fernández H, Chang BS
2017, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 10.1093/molbev/msx192
2016
Modulation of thermal noise and spectral sensitivity in Lake Baikal cottoid fish rhodopsins.
Luk HL, Bhattacharyya N, Montisci F, Morrow JM, Melaccio F, Wada A, Sheves M, Fanelli F, Chang BS, Olivucci M
2016, Scientific reports, 6, 38425, 27934935
A second visual rhodopsin gene, rh1-2, is expressed in zebrafish photoreceptors and found in other ray-finned fishes.
Morrow JM, Lazic S, Dixon Fox M, Kuo C, Schott RK, de A Gutierrez E, Santini F, Tropepe V, Chang BS
2017, The Journal of experimental biology, 220, 294-303, 27811293
Evolution of a G protein-coupled receptor response by mutations in regulatory network interactions.
Di Roberto RB, Chang B, Trusina A, Peisajovich SG
2016, Nature communications, 7, 12344, 27487915
Mitochondrial genomes of the South American electric knifefishes (Order Gymnotiformes).
Elbassiouny AA, Schott RK, Waddell JC, Kolmann MA, Lehmberg ES, Van Nynatten A, Crampton WGR, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR
2016, Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources, 1, 401-403, 33473497
A comparative study of rhodopsin function in the great bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis): Spectral tuning and light-activated kinetics.
van Hazel I, Dungan SZ, Hauser FE, Morrow JM, Endler JA, Chang BS
2016, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society, 25, 1308-18, 26889650
Comparative sequence analyses of rhodopsin and RPE65 reveal patterns of selective constraint across hereditary retinal disease mutations.
Hauser FE, Schott RK, Castiglione GM, Van Nynatten A, Kosyakov A, Tang PL, Gow DA, Chang BS
2016, Visual neuroscience, 33, e002, 26750628
2015
Evolutionary transformation of rod photoreceptors in the all-cone retina of a diurnal garter snake.
Schott RK, Müller J, Yang CG, Bhattacharyya N, Chan N, Xu M, Morrow JM, Ghenu AH, Loew ER, Tropepe V, Chang BS
2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 356-61, 26715746
The molecular origin and evolution of dim-light vision in mammals.
Bickelmann C, Morrow JM, Du J, Schott RK, van Hazel I, Lim S, Müller J, Chang BS
2015, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 69, 2995-3003, 26536060
Comparative Mutagenesis Studies of Retinal Release in Light-Activated Zebrafish Rhodopsin Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy.
Morrow JM, Chang BS
2015, Biochemistry, 54, 4507-18, 26098991
Out of the blue: adaptive visual pigment evolution accompanies Amazon invasion.
Van Nynatten A, Bloom D, Chang BS, Lovejoy NR
2015, Biology letters, 11, 26224386
Evolutionary dynamics of Rh2 opsins in birds demonstrate an episode of accelerated evolution in the New World warblers (Setophaga).
Bloch NI, Price TD, Chang BS
2015, Molecular ecology, 24, 2449-62, 25827331
SWS2 visual pigment evolution as a test of historically contingent patterns of plumage color evolution in warblers.
Bloch NI, Morrow JM, Chang BS, Price TD
2015, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 69, 341-56, 25496318
2014
Spectral tuning in vertebrate short wavelength-sensitive 1 (SWS1) visual pigments: Can wavelength sensitivity be inferred from sequence data?
Hauser FE, van Hazel I, Chang BS
2014, Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution, 24890094
Selection on synonymous codons in mammalian rhodopsins: a possible role in optimizing translational processes
Du J, Dungan SZ, Sabouhanian A, Chang BS
2014, BMC evolutionary biology, 14, 96, 24884412
Molecular evolution of GPCRs: CRH/CRH receptors
Lovejoy DA, Chang BS, Lovejoy NR, del Castillo J
2014, Journal of molecular endocrinology, 52, T43-60, 24711645
Ancient insights into uric acid metabolism in primates
Chang BS
2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 3657-8, 24556992
Divergent positive selection in rhodopsin from lake and riverine cichlid fishes
Schott RK, Refvik SP, Hauser FE, López-Fernández H, Chang BS
2014, Molecular biology and evolution, 31, 1149-65, 24509690
Encoding asymmetry of the N-glycosylation motif facilitates glycoprotein evolution
Williams R, Ma X, Schott RK, Mohammad N, Ho CY, Li CF, Chang BS, Demetriou M, Dennis JW
2014, PloS one, 9, e86088, 24475074
2013
The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes
Castoe TA, de Koning AP, Hall KT, Card DC, Schield DR, Fujita MK, Ruggiero RP, Degner JF, Daza JM, Gu W, Reyes-Velasco J, Shaney KJ, Castoe JM, Fox SE, Poole AW, Polanco D, Dobry J, Vandewege MW, Li Q, Schott RK, Kapusta A, Minx P, Feschotte C, Uetz P, Ray DA, Hoffmann FG, Bogden R, Smith EN, Chang BS, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, Henkel CV, Richardson MK, Mackessy SP, Bronikowski AM, Bronikowsi AM, Yandell M, Warren WC, Secor SM, Pollock DD
2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 20645-50, 24297902
Functional characterization of spectral tuning mechanisms in the great bowerbird short-wavelength sensitive visual pigment (SWS1), and the origins of UV/violet vision in passerines and parrots
van Hazel I, Sabouhanian A, Day L, Endler JA, Chang BS
2013, BMC evolutionary biology, 13, 250, 24499383
Molecular evolutionary analysis of vertebrate transducins: a role for amino acid variation in photoreceptor deactivation
Lin YG, Weadick CJ, Santini F, Chang BS
2013, Journal of molecular evolution, 77, 231-45, 24145862
2012
Complex patterns of divergence among green-sensitive (RH2a) African cichlid opsins revealed by Clade model analyses
Weadick CJ, Chang BS
2012, BMC evolutionary biology, 12, 206, 23078361
Visual pigment molecular evolution in the Trinidadian pike cichlid (Crenicichla frenata): a less colorful world for neotropical cichlids?
Weadick CJ, Loew ER, Rodd FH, Chang BS
2012, Molecular biology and evolution, 29, 3045-60, 22809797
Functional characterization of the rod visual pigment of the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), a basal mammal
Bickelmann C, Morrow JM, Müller J, Chang BS
2012, Visual neuroscience, 29, 211-7, 22874131
2011
An improved likelihood ratio test for detecting site-specific functional divergence among clades of protein-coding genes
Weadick CJ, Chang BS
2012, Molecular biology and evolution, 29, 1297-300, 22319160
Molecular evolution of ultraspiracle protein (USP/RXR) in insects
Hult EF, Tobe SS, Chang BS
2011, PloS one, 6, e23416, 21901121
A novel rhodopsin-like gene expressed in zebrafish retina
Morrow JM, Lazic S, Chang BS
2011, Visual neuroscience, 28, 325-35, 21447259
2010
Influence of codon usage bias on FGLamide-allatostatin mRNA secondary structure
Martínez-Pérez F, Bendena WG, Chang BS, Tobe SS
2011, Peptides, 32, 509-17, 20950662
Duplicate dmbx1 genes regulate progenitor cell cycle and differentiation during zebrafish midbrain and retinal development
Wong L, Weadick CJ, Kuo C, Chang BS, Tropepe V
2010, BMC developmental biology, 10, 100, 20860823
The p1D4-hrGFP II expression vector: a tool for expressing and purifying visual pigments and other G protein-coupled receptors
Morrow JM, Chang BS
2010, Plasmid, 64, 162-9, 20627111
2009
Molecular evolution of SPARC: absence of the acidic module and expression in the endoderm of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.
Koehler A, Desser S, Chang B, MacDonald J, Tepass U, Ringuette M
2009, Development genes and evolution, 219, 509-21, 20043230
FGLamide Allatostatin genes in Arthropoda: introns early or late?
Martínez-Pérez F, Bendena WG, Chang BS, Tobe SS
2009, Peptides, 30, 1241-8, 19551917
Molecular evolution of the betagamma lens crystallin superfamily: evidence for a retained ancestral function in gamma N crystallins?
Weadick CJ, Chang BS
2009, Molecular biology and evolution, 26, 1127-42, 19233964
2008
Reconstruction of ancestral FGLamide-type insect allatostatins: a novel approach to the study of allatostatin function and evolution
Hult EF, Weadick CJ, Chang BS, Tobe SS
2008, Journal of insect physiology, 54, 959-68, 18541257
Endocrine and reproductive differences and genetic divergence in two populations of the cockroach Diploptera punctata
Lenkic LE, Wolfe JM, Chang BS, Tobe SS
2008, Journal of insect physiology, 54, 931-8, 18406421
2007
Long-wavelength sensitive visual pigments of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): six opsins expressed in a single individual
Weadick CJ, Chang BS
2007, BMC evolutionary biology, 7 Suppl 1, S11, 17288569
2006
Short-wavelength sensitive opsin (SWS1) as a new marker for vertebrate phylogenetics
van Hazel I, Santini F, Müller J, Chang BS
2006, BMC evolutionary biology, 6, 97, 17107620
Ancestral reconstruction of the ligand-binding pocket of Family C G protein-coupled receptors
Kuang D, Yao Y, Maclean D, Wang M, Hampson DR, Chang BS
2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 14050-5, 16966606
2005
Applications of ancestral protein reconstruction in understanding protein function: GFP-like proteins
Chang BS, Ugalde JA, Matz MV
2005, Methods in enzymology, 395, 652-70, 15865989
2004
Evolution of coral pigments recreated
Ugalde JA, Chang BS, Matz MV
2004, Science (New York, N.Y.), 305, 1433, 15353795
Resonance Raman analysis of the mechanism of energy storage and chromophore distortion in the primary visual photoproduct
Yan EC, Ganim Z, Kazmi MA, Chang BS, Sakmar TP, Mathies RA
2004, Biochemistry, 43, 10867-76, 15323547
2003
Ancestral gene reconstruction and synthesis of ancient rhodopsins in the laboratory
Chang BS
2003, Integrative and comparative biology, 43, 500-7, 21680458
Retinal counterion switch in the photoactivation of the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin
Yan EC, Kazmi MA, Ganim Z, Hou JM, Pan D, Chang BS, Sakmar TP, Mathies RA
2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 9262-7, 12835420
2002
Recreating a functional ancestral archosaur visual pigment
Chang BS, Jönsson K, Kazmi MA, Donoghue MJ, Sakmar TP
2002, Molecular biology and evolution, 19, 1483-9, 12200476
Function of extracellular loop 2 in rhodopsin: glutamic acid 181 modulates stability and absorption wavelength of metarhodopsin II
Yan EC, Kazmi MA, De S, Chang BS, Seibert C, Marin EP, Mathies RA, Sakmar TP
2002, Biochemistry, 41, 3620-7, 11888278
Synthetic gene technology: applications to ancestral gene reconstruction and structure-function studies of receptors
Chang BS, Kazmi MA, Sakmar TP
2002, Methods in enzymology, 343, 274-94, 11665573
2000
Bias in phylogenetic reconstruction of vertebrate rhodopsin sequences.
Chang BS, Campbell DL
2000, Molecular biology and evolution, 17, 1220-31, 10908642
Recreating ancestral proteins.
Chang BS, Donoghue MJ
2000, Trends in ecology & evolution, 15, 109-114, 10675926
1998
Honeybee blue- and ultraviolet-sensitive opsins: cloning, heterologous expression in Drosophila, and physiological characterization.
Townson SM, Chang BS, Salcedo E, Chadwell LV, Pierce NE, Britt SG
1998, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 18, 2412-22, 9502802
1996
Cloning of the gene encoding honeybee long-wavelength rhodopsin: a new class of insect visual pigments.
Chang BS, Ayers D, Smith WC, Pierce NE
1996, Gene, 173, 215-9, 8964502
1995
Opsin phylogeny and evolution: a model for blue shifts in wavelength regulation.
Chang BS, Crandall KA, Carulli JP, Hartl DL
1995, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 4, 31-43, 7620634
1993
Mitochondrial COII sequences and modern human origins.
Ruvolo M, Zehr S, von Dornum M, Pan D, Chang B, Lin J
1993, Molecular biology and evolution, 10, 1115-35, 8277847